Gastrointestinal Physiology
FIGURE 17.1 Schematic depiction of a villus. The villi are foldings of the intestinal epithelium that greatly increase the surface area in contact with the contents within the lumen. They…
CRITICAL CARE
The Febrile Patient
TABLE 82.2 Noninfectious Causes of Fever in the ICU Noninfectious Causes A large number of noninfectious conditions result in tissue injury with inflammation and a febrile reaction. Those noninfectious disorders…
Burn Injury: Thermal and Electrical
Colloid infusion during the resuscitation of acutely injured patients has been debated for some time. Acute burn injury leads to capillary permeability, which allows loss of intravascular albumin into the…
Interventional Bronchoscopy and Massive Hemoptysis
TABLE 116.2 Causes of Alveolar Hemorrhage Physical Examination The physical examination may provide clues to the diagnosis of massive hemoptysis. A saddle nose deformity and/or septal perforation suggest Wegener granulomatosis….
Flexible Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy-associated hypoxemia may be minimized by providing 100% oxygen during the procedure, shortening bronchoscopy time, and frequently withdrawing the bronchoscope from the airway to allow adequate ventilation. Adequate tidal volume…
Small Bowel Transplantation
FIGURE 74.1 Causes of short bowel syndrome (SBS) leading to intestinal transplantation in children (A) and adults (B). There are no clear definitions of intestinal failure that allow patient status…
The Morbidly Obese Patient in the Critical Care Unit
RESPIRATORY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MORBIDLY OBESE Morbidly obese patients have significant anatomic and pathophysiologic changes of the pulmonary system. Reduced lung volumes, increased work of breathing, respiratory muscle inefficiency, and…
1 Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections
There has been a correlation of catheter site and risk of infection in the past; however, one study has shown that there is no difference in the risk of CRBSI…
Renal Physiology and Its Systemic Impact
FIGURE 16.1 Nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Tubuloglomerular feedback: Situations associated with an increased delivery of sodium chloride to the macula densa result in vasoconstrictive response of the…
The Geriatric Patient
More recent studies have yielded varying results (150,151), certainly not confirmatory of a pronounced “predestined” decline in oxygenation with age, and questioning the hypothesis that progressive disruption of the matching…
