Optic Neuropathies: Ischemic, Inflammatory, Infectious, or Compressive Mitchell B. Strominger Victoria M. Hammond THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Optic neuropathy is the general term that describes vision loss secondary to a disease…

Papilledema Abbe Craven Brian Milman THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Papilledema describes optic disc edema secondary to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Recognition of papilledema is important because if untreated or undertreated, papilledema…

Diplopia Zoe Williams Jonathan Strong THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Diplopia—colloquially referred to as “double vision”—is a challenging chief complaint in the emergency and urgent care setting. It is also an infrequent…

Pupils Paul Y. Ko Melissa W. Ko THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE A comprehensive understanding of a quick yet thorough pupillary exam is essential, because recognition of abnormal pupillary findings may be…

Angle Closure Glaucoma Sandra Fernando Sieminski Sanjay Mohan THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Angle closure is a process that results from appositional closure of the iridocorneal angle, or drainage angle of the…

Blunt Trauma and Open Globes Albert Lin Nicholas Hoda THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Severe blunt trauma to the eye can be a diagnostic dilemma owing to the wide variety of possible…

Open Angle and Traumatic Glaucoma Soshian Sarrafpour Magdalena Robak THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Although often thought of as a disease of increased intraocular pressure (IOP), the term glaucoma refers to a…

Nonaccidental Trauma Kirsten Bechtel Robin N. Ginsburg THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Child abuse is a pervasive problem in the United States of America (USA), with rates of maltreatment up to 8.9/1000…

Vitreous Detachment, Retinal Tear, and Retinal Detachment Peter W. Clark Christopher P. Hogrefe THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE The annual incidence of retinal detachment (RD) in the general population is reported to…

Infectious and Inflammatory Retinal Diseases Brittany E. Powell Victoria M. Hammond THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Infectious and inflammatory retinal diseases are typically progressive and have significant ocular morbidity. Early and accurate…