(99–55 BC) The fundamental goal of nutritional support is to provide the daily nutrient and energy needs of each patient. This chapter will describe how to evaluate those needs in…
AKIN Criteria Because of the limitations of the RIFLE criteria just mentioned, revised criteria were introduced by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), and these criteria are shown at the…
FIGURE 12.1 Illustration depicting the different tendencies of colloid and crystalloid fluids to expand the plasma volume and the interstitial fluid volume. See text for further explanation. Isotonic Saline One of…
FIGURE 32.1 The energy yield from the oxidative metabolism of glucose and lactate, and the actions of selected factors that promote lactic acidosis. PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase….
ca 500 B.C The appearance of a new fever is always a matter of concern in a hospitalized patient. This chapter presents a practical approach to the ICU patient with…
FIGURE 13.1 Possible causes of acute heart failure, indicated by the anatomic region involved. RV = right ventricle, LV = left ventricle. Progressive Heart Failure The changes in cardiac performance that…
Dosing by Body Weight Aminoglycoside dosing is based on ideal body weight (see Appendix 2 for charts of ideal body weights). For obese patients, dosing should be based on an…
Amino Acid Solutions Protein is provided as amino acid solutions that contain varying mixtures of essential (N=9), semi-essential (N=4), and nonessential (N=10) amino acids. These solutions are mixed with dextrose…
The Carbon Age 2008 One of the rare sights in any ICU is a patient who is NOT receiving supplemental oxygen to breathe. Oxygen is used liberally in ICU patients,…
FIGURE 15.1 Flow diagram for the evaluation of tachycardias. Irregular Rhythm If the R-R intervals are not uniform in length (indicating an irregular rhythm), the most likely arrhythmias are multifocal atrial…
