Agent Alcohol Phenol Concentration 100% 3–12% Diluent None Glycerin Patient position Lateral (bedside upwards) Lateral (bedside down) Added tilt Semi-prone Semi-supine Painful side Uppermost Lowermost Injection causes Immediate burn Painless…
Fig. 35.1 Posterior view of an anatomic model depicting the insertion site for an interlaminar epidural injection at the L5-S1 level Fig. 35.2 Posterior view of an anatomic model depicting…
Fig. 53.1 Nevro Corp. Senza IPG and SCS leads capable of HF10 therapy Clinical Studies Demonstrating Efficacy of High-Frequency Stimulation There is increasing clinical evidence on the efficacy of high-frequency…
Fig. 40.1 Incidence of osteoporotic disease VCFs typically arise in an area with fewer bony trabeculae , which leads to a decrease in tensile strength, endplate compression, and finally a…
Fig. 73.1 Healthcare spending per capita [4] The elements of cost can be divided into the cost of direct healthcare services as well as the cost of doing business. This…
Increased centralization of blood volume Decreased heart rate Increased work of breathing Increased cardiac output Increased sodium and potassium excretion Increased intramuscular blood flow Increased plasma levels of dopamine Decreased…
Fig. 70.1 Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation lead A variety of stimulators were used in the various studies during the developmental course of this technique, with the most recent version shown…
Fig. 51.1 Schematic diagram of the gate control theory of pain mechanisms: L the large-diameter fibers, S the small-diameter fibers. The fibers project to the substantia gelatinosa (SG) and first…
Fig. 54.1 A graphical representation of the activated pathway during this test. The SCS lead stimulates the dorsal column at a level that is strong enough to activate enough fibers…
Fig. 36.1 Square off end plates of the desired level to be injected (in this case, L3). Fluoroscope is rotated oblique 20–35° to obtain the “foraminal” view. Local anesthetic is…
