Anesthesia Key

Sign Pathophysiology Hypotension Low vasomotor tone or decreased cardiac output reduce mean arterial pressure Oliguria/anuria Decreased renal arterial blood flow Depressed mental status Decreased cerebral arterial blood flow Metabolic/lactic acidosis…

Surgical site infections Incisional Superficial Deep Non-necrotizing SSTIs Superficial infections (Impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis) Simple abscess, boils, and carbuncles Complex abscesses Necrotizing SSTIs (NSTIs) Necrotizing cellulitis Necrotizing fasciitis Fournier’s gangrene Necrotizing…

Fig. 14.1 Intraperitoneal bladder injury: (a) tomography and (b) VCUG Fig. 14.2 Extraperitoneal bladder rupture Cystoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that can help identify the location and size of…

Fig. 12.1 Pre-operative computed tomography angiography (CTA) in a patient with RAAA. The white arrow depicts the site of aortic rupture in the anterior-left lateral wall. A blush of contrast…

Embolism Thrombosis 1. Atrial fibrillation 1. Atherosclerotic occlusion 2. Mural thrombus 2. Thrombosed aneurysm 3. LV aneurysm 3. Bypass or stent graft occlusion 4. Paradoxical 4. Hypercoagulable states 5. Endocarditis…

Infection Inflammatory response to the presence of microorganisms or the invasion of those microorganisms into a host  Bacteremia Presence of viable bacteria in the blood  Systemic infammatory response syndrome (SIRS)…

Characteristic Age APACHE IIa SOFAb score Number of comorbidities Inpatient floor stay prior to ICUc admit? IL-6d Points ≥50 = 1,≥75 = 2 ≥15 = 1 ≥20 = 2 ≥28…

Fig. 17.1 Antibiotics therapy is useful only when the source of infection is controlled. Removing the ureteric obstruction in this scenario is essential for antibiotics to work. The search for…