COMMON OPIOID-RELATED ADVERSE EFFECTS Common opioid-related adverse effects include constipation, urinary retention, sedation, delirium, dry mouth, respiratory depression, hyperhidrosis, pruritus, muscular spasm, tremor, nausea, and vomiting. The use of opioid…
FIGURE 26-1. Schematic diagram of the gate control theory as proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965. The theory suggests that sensory input from the periphery converges on a group…
Male gender Tobacco use Increasing age Preexisting diabetes mellitus Extremes of body habitus Preexisting neurologic disorders Surgical Risk Factors Surgical trauma or stretch…
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM The actual incidence of neurologic dysfunction resulting from hemorrhagic complications associated with central neural blockade is unknown. In an extensive review of the literature, Tryba4 identified…
ABD (abdominal), BUP (bupivacaine), CAN (cancer), COLO (colorectal), FEN (fentanyl), META (meta-analysis), MIX (mixed), n/a (not available), MOR (morphine), OBS (observational study), S (subjects), SUF (sufentanil), SYST (systematic review), T…
DEFINITION Neuraxial anesthesia has predictable significant effects on respiration. These changes include altered pulmonary function, chest wall mechanics, gas exchange, and ventilatory control. There have been comparatively few studies on…
DEFINITION Hypotension is broadly defined as abnormally low blood pressure. Investigators have often developed operational definitions of hypotension for use in individual studies. It is the variations in these operational…
Nerve injury 28 Infection 24 Death/brain damage 9 Headache 20 Increased pain, no relief 10 From Fitzgibbon DR, Posner KL,Caplan RA, et al. Chronic pain management: American Society of Anesthesiologists…
DEFINITION AND SCOPE Use of Diagnostic Imaging to Improve Safety Diagnostic imaging is used broadly across all of medical practice to investigate the anatomic basis for new onset of many…
DEFINITION Infectious complications may occur after any regional anesthetic technique but are of greatest concern if the infection occurs near or within the neuraxis. The possible risk factors include underlying…
