Fig. 12.1 Sagittal T2 MRI with cervical spinal levels identified; note the limited CSF signal (bright white on T2) in the cervical spine as compared with the thoracic spine Fig….

Fig. 52.1 Cervical spine x-ray with findings suggestive of gas density within the posterior soft tissues of the neck Fig. 52.2 Computed tomography scan with contrast of the head, neck,…

Fig. 35.1 Picture of the snail Fig. 35.2 Mechanism of action of conotoxin 35.2.2 N-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel In the nervous system, calcium is highly metabolically active and plays an…

Fig. 32.1 Clinical decision tree to assess etiology of symptoms of intrathecal medication withdrawal 32.3 Intrathecal Withdrawal There are only three drugs that are FDA approved for intrathecal delivery: morphine,…

Authors Technique Advantages Disadvantages Plancarte et al. [3] Bilateral paramedian extradiscal approach (fluoroscopy) Avoids risks associated with intervertebral disc and spinal canal penetration • Technical difficulties due to anatomical variability (tall…

Fig. 25.1 Anteroposterior view of needle placement in the case presented. Images from Dr. Anitescu Personal Library Fig. 25.2 Lateral view of the needle placement in the case presented. Images…

Name of anti-TNF drug Structure/mechanism of action Infliximab Chimeric (mouse/human) anti-TNF-alpha antibody Etanercept TNF-alpha receptor fusion protein Adalimumab Human TNF-alpha monoclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibody Certolizumab pegol Antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of human…

Fig. 16.1 MRI of lumbar spine with artifact due to epidural catheter. Personal library Fig. 16.2 MRI prior to decompression revealing a large extradural collection from T5 to T6 causing…

Fig. 43.1 Facet strain causing back pain after compression fracture Persistent post-procedure pain prompts an x-ray or CT evaluation of the injected site, especially if the pain has changed or…

Fig. 47.1 Concentration-dependent bupivacaine myotoxicity. Rabbit extraocular muscles at 5 days after injection of bupivacaine or saline. (a) Saline injection: normal-appearing muscle fiber cells displayed regular arrangement with the nuclei…