40 Obstetrical Anesthesia
As oxygen consumption increases during pregnancy, the maternal cardiovascular system adapts to meet the metabolic demands of a growing fetus. Airway edema may be particularly severe in women with preeclampsia,…
11 Respiratory Function in Anesthesia
In a person with normal lungs, breathing can be performed exclusively by the diaphragm. In the adult, the tip of an orotracheal tube moves an average of 3.8 cm with…
10 Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology
The mechanical capabilities of the heart are determined by its cartilaginous skeleton, myocardial fiber orientation, valves, coronary blood supply, and conduction system. The cardiac myocyte is engineered for contraction and…
15 Autonomic Nervous System: Physiology and Pharmacology
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes that part of the central and peripheral nervous system concerned with involuntary regulation of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular and visceral functions. The sympathetic…
58 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Brain adenosine triphosphate is depleted after 4 to 6 minutes of no blood flow. It returns nearly to normal within 6 minutes of starting effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Through living…
37 Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery
It is important to determine prior to the onset of anesthesia and surgery whether the patient will be able to tolerate the planned lung resection. Preoperative assessment of vital capacity…
52 Trauma and Burns
Airway management is tailored to the type of injury, the nature and degree of airway compromise, and the patient’s hemodynamic and oxygenation status. Fast computed tomography technology with the capability…
39 Anesthesia for Vascular Surgery
The anesthesiologist may have greater influence in reducing the morbidity and costs of vascular surgery than in any other surgical procedure. Atherosclerosis is a generalized inflammatory disorder of the arterial…
51 Transplant Anesthesia
Brain death is declared when the clinical picture is consistent with irreversible cessation of all brain functions. The mainstay of donor management is maintenance of euvolemia, oxygenation, perfusion, and normothermia,…
21 Local Anesthetics
Local anesthetics provide anesthesia and analgesia by blocking the transmission of pain sensation along nerve fibers. The key target of local anesthetics is the voltage-gated sodium channel. The binding is…
