Inhaled Anesthetics

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Inhaled Anesthetics

Halothane was synthesized in 1951 and introduced for clinical use in 1956. However, the tendency for alkane derivatives such as halothane to enhance the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine led to…

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Basic Principles of Pharmacology

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Basic Principles of Pharmacology

This simple view helps to understand the action of an antagonist (Fig. 2-2). An antagonist is a drug that binds to the receptor without activating the receptor. Antagonists typically bind…

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Cardiac Physiology

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Cardiac Physiology

The subvalvular apparatus consists of chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles. The chordae tendineae attach to the edges of mitral leaflets or to its ventricular surface. The left ventricle has…

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Gas Exchange

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Gas Exchange

Larynx The larynx is a complex structure that lies anterior to the 4th to the 6th cervical vertebra and consists of several muscles, their ligaments, and associated cartilaginous structures (Fig….

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Neurophysiology

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Neurophysiology

The impulse travels along the nerve membrane as an action potential. This is entirely mediated by the receptors within the membrane. Indeed, removal of the axoplasm from the nerve fiber…

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Circulatory Physiology

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Circulatory Physiology

Endothelial Function and Regulation of Vascular Tone Endothelial synthesis and release of vasoactive mediators are important elements in the regulation of vascular tone. Substances are released by the endothelium in…

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Intravenous Sedatives and Hypnotics

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Intravenous Sedatives and Hypnotics

The fact that total body clearance of propofol exceeds hepatic blood flow is consistent with extrahepatic clearance (pulmonary uptake and first-pass elimination, renal excretion) of propofol.14,16 Pulmonary uptake of propofol…

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Opioid Agonists and Antagonists

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Opioid Agonists and Antagonists

Chemical Structure of Opium Alkaloids The active components of opium can be divided into two distinct chemical classes: phenanthrenes and benzylisoquinolines. The principal phenanthrene alkaloids present in opium are morphine,…

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Local Anesthetics

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Local Anesthetics

Local anesthetics are poorly soluble in water and therefore are marketed most often as water-soluble hydrochloride salts. These hydrochloride salt solutions are acidic (pH 6), contributing to the stability of…

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Sympatholytics

Dec 11, 2016 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Sympatholytics

Clinical Uses The principal use of phentolamine is the treatment of acute hypertensive emergencies, as may accompany intraoperative manipulation of a pheochromocytoma or autonomic nervous system hyperreflexia. Administration of phentolamine,…

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