Airway Management in the Adult
Key Points ▪ One of the fundamental responsibilities of the anesthesiologist is to mitigate the adverse effects of anesthesia on the respiratory system by maintaining airway patency and ensuring adequate…
Respiratory Monitoring
Key wordscapnography, infrared spectroscopy, lung imaging, pulse oximetry, respiratory mechanics Key Points ▪ Intraoperative respiratory monitoring is a fundamental component of the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ standards for basic…
Monitoring the State of the Brain and Central Nervous System During General Anesthesia and Sedation
Key Points ▪ Anesthesiologists rely extensively on physiologic signals and anesthetic dosing strategies to infer and to track states of the brain and central nervous system under general anesthesia. ▪…
Perioperative Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
Key Points ▪ Intravenous fluid therapy is a core part of perioperative practice, with the potential to influence patient outcomes. ▪ Water makes up approximately 60% of total body weight,…
Perioperative Echocardiography
Key Points ▪ Perioperative applications of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) include monitoring, diagnosis, and procedural guidance. The role of TEE in cardiac surgery, noncardiac surgery, interventional procedures, and critical care continues…
Neurologic Monitoring
Key Points ▪ There are four key principles of intraoperative neurologic monitoring. ▪ The pathway at risk during the surgical procedure must be amenable to monitoring. ▪ The monitor must…
Renal Pathophysiology and Treatment for Perioperative Ischemia and Nephrotoxic Injury
Key Points ▪ The incidence of perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) (previously referred to as acute renal failure) varies, depending on the definition used. ▪ Although uncommon, AKI requiring dialysis…
Perioperative Acid-Base Balance
Key Points ▪ The presence of a significant acid-base abnormality often signals a sinister underlying problem. ▪ All acid-base abnormalities result from alterations in the dissociation of water. ▪ Only…
Patient Positioning and Associated Risks
Key Points ▪ Patient positioning is a major responsibility that requires the cooperation of the entire surgical team. ▪ Many patient positions that are used for surgery result in undesirable…
Anesthetic Implications of Concurrent Diseases
Key Points ▪ The history and physical examination most accurately predict the risks of anesthesia and the likelihood of required changes in monitoring or therapy. ▪ For diabetic patients, end-organ…
