Electrical Safety in the Operating Room
Fig. 36.1 If the electron flow or current flow is always in the same direction, it is referred to as direct current (DC). In this case the electrons travel from the…
Uncategorized
Physiology of the Endocrine System and Metabolic Complications in Anesthesia
Fig. 23.1 The endocrine system (Reprinted from OpenStax, Anatomy & Physiology, OpenStax. 25 April 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Download for free at ► http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/) Hormones can be excreted in…
Renal Physiology
Fig. 22.1 Schematic of nephron. CCD cortical collecting duct, MCD medullary collecting duct (Adapted from [2]) The kidney receives approximately 20–25% of cardiac output. Blood enters the kidney from the aorta…
Breathing Systems
Reservoir Rebreathing Example Open No No Open Drop Semi-Open Yes No Non-rebreather circuit Semi-Closed Yes Partial Circle system with flows of 2 L/min Closed Yes Complete Circle system with flows…
Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction
Fig. 8.1 The synaptic vesicle exocytosis–endocytosis cycle. After an action potential and Ca 2+ influx, phosphorylation of synapsin is activated by calcium-calmodulin activated protein kinases I and II. This results in…
Physics of Instrumentation
Fig. 35.1 Clark-type oxygen electrode When a voltage of 700 mV is applied across the electrodes the following reactions occur: Cathode: O2 + 2H20 + 4e− = 4OH− Electrolyte: KCl + OH− = KOH + Cl− Anode: Ag + Cl− = AgCl + e− The amount of electrons…
Mechanical Ventilation
Fig. 37.1 The safe zone of mechanical ventilation. UIP upper inflection point, LIP lower inflection point 37.2 Classification of Mechanical Ventilation Classifying mechanical ventilators has evolved into a confusing, complex, and…
Perioperative Intravenous Fluid Therapy
Osmolarity refers to the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution expressed in milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) Plasma osmolarity is calculated based on the following osmotically active particles in…
Statistics Made Simple: Introduction to Biostatistics and Research Design for the Anesthesiologist
Term Definition Agreement studies Studies assessing how well different methods of measuring the same underlying quantity agree with each other. Typical analyses are Bland-Altman methods (see Bland-Altman) including plotting differences…
Physiology of Temperature Control
Fig. 20.1 Thermoregulatory responses (Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2015–2017. All Rights Reserved) Fig. 20.2 Thermoregulatory thresholds The ability to react accordingly is based on…
