Posteriorly, each vertebra has a spinous process attached to bilateral laminae to form an arch. The laminae connect to bilateral transverse processes and then the pedicles, until finally fusing with…

3. Indications for intervention a. Both the decision to intervene and the manner of intervention are dependent upon the degree of impairment the patient is experiencing as well as the…

Women by a 3:2 ratio are more likely to have a SAH than men [3]. B. Outcome. Approximately 15% of patients with acute SAH do not survive to hospital admission….

FIGURE 8.1 Coronal section of the sella turcica demonstrating the anatomic relationship between the pituitary gland and cranial nerves, carotid arteries, and the cavernous and sphenoid sinuses. (By permission of…

c. The basic frequency bands are thought to be rhythmic activity resulting from neural connections with the brainstem and thalamus (sometimes referred to as EEG pacemakers). d. Simple methods of…

FIGURE 4.1 Schematic diagram of the intracranial pressure (ICP)–volume relationship (elastance). As intracranial volume increases (A to B) compensation occurs resulting in minimal increase in ICP, but as elastance decreases…

FIGURE 14.1 Deep brain nuclei: Targets for brain electrodes. 1. Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition due to loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. Dopamine inhibits…

CLINICAL PEARL In-hospital treatment of TBI should focus on minimizing secondary insults to the injured brain due to hypotension, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, hypocarbia, hyperthermia, intracranial hypertension, seizures, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia. A….

FIGURE 21.1 A: Sagittal MRI of the brain with gadolinium demonstrating large pineal region mass compressing the tectal plate and effacing the posterior third ventricle. B: Sagittal MRI following sitting…