Invasive Ventilatory Support Modes
where PR is the pressure required to overcome RAW and PE the pressure required to overcome E. During PPV, the driving pressure for air to flow is applied by the…
Pulse Oximetry, Plethysmography, Capnography, and Respiratory Monitoring
Rearranging the equation to employ the measured ratio of transmitted to incident light, we can define absorbance (A) as: The absorption coefficient (a) is unique value for each wavelength and…
Mechanical Ventilation
FIGURE 102.1 The effects of gravity on ventilation–perfusion ratio (VA/Q). In the upright subject, gravity affects VA, Q, and concomitantly, the VA/Q ratio. Gravitational forces pull on both the gases…
Important Intensive Care Procedures
FIGURE 35.1 Site for generous injection of local anesthetic prior to chest tube insertion, usually at the fourth intercostal space, above the rib margin, at midaxillary line. If available, and…
Anesthesia
In the United Kingdom, patients are coded according to their ASA and CEPOD (confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths) (45) scores. These describe the patient from the perspectives of basic risk…
Cardiovascular Physiology
FIGURE 15.1 Internal structure of cardiomyocytes. The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres (SMs) and mitochondria (M), the dominant intracellular organelles. Sarcomeres form rods, which are surrounded by a web of sarcoplasmic…
Bioterrorism and High-Consequence Biologic Threats
FIGURE 156.1 Hospital incident management team. (Adapted from Hospital Incident Command System Guidebook. 5th ed. California Emergency Medical Services Authority website. Available at: http://www.emsa.ca.gov/media/default/HICS/HICS_Guidebook_2014_11.pdf. Published May 2014; Accessed January 14,…
Hemodynamic Monitoring: Arterial and Pulmonary Artery Catheters
INDICATIONS FOR PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETER INSERTION Indications for PAC insertion (Table 21.1) have been broadly categorized to (a) precautionary measures in high-risk patients, (b) shock states, (c) pulmonary problems, and…
Neurologic Monitoring
FLOW–METABOLISM COUPLING In the normal brain, an increase in cerebral metabolism is rapidly matched by local increases in CBF. This is referred to as regional flow–metabolism coupling or cerebral metabolic…
Liver Failure: Acute and Acute-on-Chronic
FIGURE 127.1 Pathogenesis of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. BBB, blood–brain barrier; Ca2+, calcium; CBF, cerebral blood flow; CPP, cerebral perfusion pressure; HO-1, heme-oxidase-1; ICP, intracranial…
