Atlanto-Axial Joint Injections
CHAPTER 15 Atlanto-Axial Joint Injections Andrea Trescot INTRODUCTION The atlanto-occipital (AO) and atlanto-axial (AA) joints are unique joints in the spine, connecting the cervical region to the base of the…
Documentation, Billing, and Coding
CHAPTER 13 Documentation, Billing, and Coding Laxmaiah Manchikanti Multiple issues related to documentation, billing, and coding are facts of life for physicians practicing interventional pain management. Emphasis continues on the…
Cryoneuroablation
CHAPTER 79 Cryoneuroablation David Irwin and Andrea Trescot INTRODUCTION Cryoneuroablation is an interventional technique aimed at temporary destruction of the nerve providing relief of the pain. The origin of this…
Anterograde Versus Retrograde Lead Placement
CHAPTER 72 Anterograde Versus Retrograde Lead Placement Marshall D. Bedder INDICATIONS The discussion for an anterograde approach versus a retrograde approach to lead placement for spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has…
Choosing Intrathecal Medication
CHAPTER 66 Choosing Intrathecal Medication Philip S. Kim and Sudhir Diwan INTRODUCTION • Intraspinal delivery of drugs via implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) has been available since the early 1980s. • These…
Intrathecal Drug Delivery Trialing Procedures
CHAPTER 67 Intrathecal Drug Delivery Trialing Procedures Richard Bowman, Timothy R. Deer, and Jason E. Pope INTRODUCTION • Intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS) trials offer the clinician an ability to utilize…
Provocative Discogram
CHAPTER 31 Provocative Discogram Vikram B. Patel and Sudhir Diwan INTRODUCTION Discography has been practiced by interventional pain physicians for the last few decades in an attempt to identify the…
Hydrosurgery of Disc
CHAPTER 33 Hydrosurgery of Disc Didier Demesmin and Sagar Parikh INDICATIONS Hydrodiscectomy is a form of disc decompression within the realm of minimally invasive discectomy that is an effective, predictable…
EMG and Nerve Conduction Studies
CHAPTER 12 EMG and Nerve Conduction Studies Bridget T. Carey OVERVIEW In the practice of pain medicine, nerve conduction studies and electromyography provide useful information through the diagnosis of peripheral…
