Fig. 23.1 The endocrine system (Reprinted from OpenStax, Anatomy & Physiology, OpenStax. 25 April 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Download for free at ► http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/) Hormones can be excreted in…
Fig. 22.1 Schematic of nephron. CCD cortical collecting duct, MCD medullary collecting duct (Adapted from [2]) The kidney receives approximately 20–25% of cardiac output. Blood enters the kidney from the aorta…
Reservoir Rebreathing Example Open No No Open Drop Semi-Open Yes No Non-rebreather circuit Semi-Closed Yes Partial Circle system with flows of 2 L/min Closed Yes Complete Circle system with flows…
Fig. 8.1 The synaptic vesicle exocytosis–endocytosis cycle. After an action potential and Ca 2+ influx, phosphorylation of synapsin is activated by calcium-calmodulin activated protein kinases I and II. This results in…
Fig. 35.1 Clark-type oxygen electrode When a voltage of 700 mV is applied across the electrodes the following reactions occur: Cathode: O2 + 2H20 + 4e− = 4OH− Electrolyte: KCl + OH− = KOH + Cl− Anode: Ag + Cl− = AgCl + e− The amount of electrons…
Fig. 37.1 The safe zone of mechanical ventilation. UIP upper inflection point, LIP lower inflection point 37.2 Classification of Mechanical Ventilation Classifying mechanical ventilators has evolved into a confusing, complex, and…
Osmolarity refers to the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution expressed in milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) Plasma osmolarity is calculated based on the following osmotically active particles in…
Term Definition Agreement studies Studies assessing how well different methods of measuring the same underlying quantity agree with each other. Typical analyses are Bland-Altman methods (see Bland-Altman) including plotting differences…
Fig. 20.1 Thermoregulatory responses (Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2015–2017. All Rights Reserved) Fig. 20.2 Thermoregulatory thresholds The ability to react accordingly is based on…
Age Diabetes Sex Hypertension treated Emergency Previous cardiac event ASA class Congestive cardiac failure within 30 days Chronic steroid use Dyspnea Ascites within 30 days Current smoker Systemic sepsis within 48 h Severe…
