Fig. 47.1 Concentration-dependent bupivacaine myotoxicity. Rabbit extraocular muscles at 5 days after injection of bupivacaine or saline. (a) Saline injection: normal-appearing muscle fiber cells displayed regular arrangement with the nuclei…
Complication Presentation Cutaneous adverse reactions Atrophy, alopecia, hyperpigmentation, folliculitis Myonecrosis/myotoxicity Attributed to local anesthetic or corticosteroid Intra-arterial injection Central nervous system manifestations Cardiovascular manifestations Subarachnoid injection Brain stem anesthesia 45.2.5…
Mechanical Biological Electrode fracture or migration for SCS Infection Catheter fracture or migration for ITDDS Bleeding Battery failure for SCS or ITDDS Nerve injury Programming or pump-fill errors for ITDDS…
Fig. 29.1 Pump flip. CT image of a complete flipped pump. (a) The CT was performed after a failed pump refill with needle unable to identify the reservoir entry; fluoroscopic…
1. Patient reports pain that is disproportionate to that which is expected given the injury 2. Subjective symptoms (must report 3 of 4 categories) Sensory Hyperesthesia Allodynia Vasomotor Temperature asymmetry Skin color…
Fig. 51.1 Lateral view during placement of a stimulating lead showing anterior epidural space trajectory; the lead was withdrawn and repositioned in the posterior epidural space. During testing, patient experienced…
Fig. 17.1 Catheter sheared when threaded through a needle with a bent tip 17.2 Discussion The physical and social impact of low back pain is enormous. It is one of…
Fig. 50.1 (a, b) AP and lateral view chest X-ray : Termination of electrodes at T8 and T10 confirms the absence of obvious lead migration. Images from personal library At…
Fig. 15.1 Oblique view of transforaminal epidural steroid injection and needle placement. Image from personal library Fig. 15.2 Contrast spread in anteroposterior view showing contrast material spread primarily on the…
Fig. 37.1 Initial presentation of the implantable pulse generator (IPG) extrusion. Image from personal library Fig. 37.2 Extrusion of the IPG immediately before explantation. As seen in this image, the…
