Hypotensive Agents
BP during laryngoscopy (may result in transient hypotension). • Requires intraarterial BP monitoring and use of infusion pump. • Must be protected from light because of photodegradation. Sodium Nitroprusside:…
Management of Patients with Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances
Intravascular fluid, commonly referred to as plasma, is restricted to the intravascular space by the vascular endothelium Most electrolytes (small ions) freely pass between plasma and the interstitium, resulting in…
Acid–Base Management
with increased anion gap (e.g., increase in strong nonvolatile acids). A normal anion gap is 7 to 14 mEq/L. Causes: Renal failure, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, alcohol, inborn…
Postanesthesia Care
Head-down position is useful for hypovolemic patients Head-up position is useful for patients with underlying pulmonary dysfunction Lateral position is useful for patients at high risk for vomiting or upper…
Chronic Pain Management
Clinical Classifications of Pain Acute pain: Pain caused by noxious stimulation from injury, a disease process, or the abnormal function of muscle or viscera. Nociceptive pain serves to detect, localize,…
Pediatric Anesthesia
Anatomic and Physiological Development: Respiratory System Pulmonary function: Neonates and infants ventilate less efficiently because of more horizontal, pliable ribs and protuberant abdomens. Fewer, smaller airways and alveoli result in…
Hepatic Physiology and Anesthesia
(Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Guyton AC: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 7th ed. W.B. Saunders, 1986.) Liver lobules: Composed of plates of hepatocytes arranged cylindrically around a centrilobar…
Critical Care
Fixed Performance Equipment (High Flow) Air-entrainment Venturi masks: The gas delivery approach with air-entrainment masks is different than with oxygen reservoirs in that it is an open system with high…
Cardiovascular Monitoring
(Reproduced with permission from Shah N, Bedford RF: Invasive and noninvasive blood pressuring monitoring. In: Clinical Monitoring: Practical Applications in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine. Lake CL, Hines RL, Blitt…
Respiratory Physiology and Anesthesia
• Lung compliance is influenced by a variety of factors, including lung volume, pulmonary blood volume, extravascular lung water, and pathological processes such as inflammation and fibrosis. (Reproduced, with permission,…
