Key Points ▪ The anesthesia preoperative evaluation, which is the clinical foundation for guiding perioperative patient management, reduces perioperative morbidity and enhances patient outcome. ▪ The fundamental purpose of preoperative…
Key Points ▪ The introduction of thiopental into clinical practice in 1934 marked the beginning of modern intravenous (IV) anesthesia. Today, IV anesthetics are used for induction and maintenance of…
Key Points ▪ Excellent clinical performance is not achieved by the use of sound medical knowledge alone, as clinicians have to face multifaceted challenges not just medical issues. There is…
Key Points ▪ The brain has a high metabolic rate and receives approximately 12% to 15% of cardiac output. Under normal circumstances, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is approximately 50 mL/100…
Key Points ▪ Inhaled anesthetics affect every part of physiology of the lungs and their pulmonary pharmacology is complex. ▪ Volatile anesthetics produce bronchodilation through decreases in cytoplasmic ionized calcium…
Key Points ▪ Anesthesia consists of separable and independent components, each of which involves distinct, but possibly overlapping, mechanisms at different sites in the central nervous system. ▪ The potencies…
Key Points ▪ Removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is determined by alveolar ventilation, not by total (minute) ventilation. ▪ Dead space ventilation can be dramatically increased in patients…
Key Points ▪ The alveolar anesthetic concentration (F A ) or partial pressure (P alv ) is important because it is the driving force determining anesthetic uptake into blood and…
Key Points ▪ The neuromuscular junction contains the distal nerve terminal, Schwann cell, synaptic cleft, and muscle end plate, which together provide an array of receptors and substrates for drug…
Key Points ▪ A molecule in the plasma must pass in succession through the endothelial fenestration, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and epithelial slit diaphragm to cross the filtration barrier and…
