1. Patient reports pain that is disproportionate to that which is expected given the injury 2. Subjective symptoms (must report 3 of 4 categories) Sensory Hyperesthesia Allodynia Vasomotor Temperature asymmetry Skin color…

Fig. 17.1 Catheter sheared when threaded through a needle with a bent tip 17.2 Discussion The physical and social impact of low back pain is enormous. It is one of…

Fig. 51.1 Lateral view during placement of a stimulating lead showing anterior epidural space trajectory; the lead was withdrawn and repositioned in the posterior epidural space. During testing, patient experienced…

Fig. 50.1 (a, b) AP and lateral view chest X-ray : Termination of electrodes at T8 and T10 confirms the absence of obvious lead migration. Images from personal library At…

Fig. 15.1 Oblique view of transforaminal epidural steroid injection and needle placement. Image from personal library Fig. 15.2 Contrast spread in anteroposterior view showing contrast material spread primarily on the…

Fig. 37.1 Initial presentation of the implantable pulse generator (IPG) extrusion. Image from personal library Fig. 37.2 Extrusion of the IPG immediately before explantation. As seen in this image, the…

Fig. 34.1 Early would infection, localized to the intrathecal pump pocket with small dehiscence and purulent drainage 2 weeks after initial placement. Image from Dr. Malik personal library 34.4 Clinical…

Route of needle entry Site of injury Interlaminar approach 1. Injury to the spinal cord 2. Injury of spinal nerve, ventral or dorsal ramus with lateral deviation of the needle Transforaminal approach…

Fig. 28.1 Cross section of abdominal wall depicting CDC classification of surgical site infection [3] Diagnosis of surgical site infections can be very challenging but is crucial in dictating the…