Fig. 18.1 Injection of contrast medium Fig. 18.2 Spread of contrast medium at C7 level Pain relief is assessed 10, 20, and 30 min after the procedure. A diagnostic block…

Fig. 22.1 Glenohumeral joint showing various ligaments and the joint capsule. The anterior capsule is reinforced by the superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligament (Reproduced with permission from Philip Peng…

Fig. 42.1 Local anesthetic requirements for pregnant vs. nonpregnant patients (With permission from Oxford University Press [11]) Several factors may cause pregnant patients to be more sensitive to local anesthetics….

Fig. 9.1 Anatomy. (1) Phrenic nerve, (2) scalenus anterior, (3) cervical plexus (C3, C4), (4) brachial plexus, (5) vagus nerve, (6) internal carotid artery (With permission from Danilo Jankovic) Fig….

Fig. 7.1 Anatomy of the facial nerve. (1) Facial nerve, (2) auriculotemporal nerve, (3) superficial temporal branches, (4) parotid plexus, (5) temporal branches, (6) zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve,…

Table 1.2 Local anesthetics with an amide bond A substituted amino group, the protonization of which determines the ratio of the cationic to the basic form. Only the free base…

Mechanical—acute Laceration Stretch Intraneural injection Vascular Acute ischemia Hemorrhage Pressure Extraneural Intraneural Compartment syndrome Chemical Injection of neurotoxic solutions Severity of Acute Nerve Injuries Classification of acute nerve injuries is…

Fig. 4.1 Ulnar nerve stimulation. Electron flow is toward the needle with the needle as the cathode. This causes an area of depolarization around the needle tip and a subsequent…