Hypovolemic shock
Figure 29.1 Circulatory dynamics in seven subjects at rest and during passive head-up tilt until the onset of (pre)syncopal symptoms, and return to the supine position. Values are mean and…
ANESTHESIA
Goal-directed fluid therapy
Figure 15.1 Fluid load versus complications (modified from Bellamy).[11] The challenge for us as clinicians is to keep our patients in the optimal range at all times during the perioperative…
Absorption of irrigating fluid
Figure 33.1 Blood ethanol concentration as indicated in the breath (top); serum sodium (middle); and the fluid absorption rate as obtained by careful measurements of the volumetric fluid balance corrected…
Adverse effects of infusion fluids
Figure 34.1 A: Rebound hypoglycemia in a young male volunteer who received 14 ml/kg of glucose 5% over 45 min. B: Rebound hypoglycemia in a 19-year-old male who received 3.3…
Pulmonary edema
where Q is the net fluid filtration from the pulmonary microvascular (intravascular) capillary system to the peri-microvascular (extravascular) pulmonary tissue, Kf is the capillary filtration coefficient, P is the hydrostatic…
Colloid fluids
Figure 3.1 Left panel: Plasma volume expansion from infusion of 10 ml/kg of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 (Voluven) in 10 male volunteers. The thick curve is the modeled average and…
Non-invasive guidance of fluid therapy
Figure 16.1 Frank–Starling relationship between ventricular preload and ventricular stroke volume. The first portion of this relationship is called the steep portion and the second portion is called the plateau….
Acid–base issues in fluid therapy
For bedside purposes, it is sufficient to remember that this daunting equation may be functionally represented as [H+] = f (pCO2, [SID], ATOT). This implies that [H+] (and also [HCO3−])…
Hemodilution
Alteration in cardiac preload and afterload conditionsNegative inotropic effectDepressed autonomic nervous system activity2.Effects on the O2 extraction responseVasodilationDepressed sympathetic nervous system activity3.Effects on gas exchangeDecreased functional residual capacity4.Effects on tissue…
Invasive hemodynamic monitoring
Left ventricular failureRight ventricular failureShock especially in the context of right ventricular failureDifferentiating between different types of shock (for example cardiogenic, septic, hypovolemic, obstructive)Pulmonary edemaDifferentiating between cardiogenic edema and non-cardiogenic…
