Key Points 1. Although various valvular lesions generate different physiologic changes, all valvular heart disease is characterized by abnormalities of ventricular loading. 2. The left ventricle normally compensates for increases…
Key Points 1. Cardiac tumors are rare. In general, a cardiac mass is more likely a vegetation or a thrombus than a tumor. Secondary (metastatic) tumors are far more common…
Key Points 1. Guideline updates emphasize the efficacy of surgical approaches to myocardial revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. 2. Perioperative risk reduction includes careful consideration of all…
Key Points 1. Monitoring the effect of heparin is done using the activated coagulation time (ACT), a functional test of heparin anticoagulation. The ACT is susceptible to prolongation because of…
FIGURE 1 Pain behaviors of rats with sham procedure, skin, or skin plus deep tissue incision. (A) Guarding pain behavior measured during a 60-min test period. Results are presented as…
FIGURE 1 The afferent nerve supply of the gut. “True” visceral afferents (thin, black) innervate the gut and most run temporarily together with either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves to…
FIGURE 1 Typical visual analogue scale (VAS, 10 cm) scores of saline-induced pain in muscle, distal tendon, and proximal tendon-bone junction of the m. tibialis anterior, and in the joint…
Type of procedures Ileostomy Colostomy Urostomy Abdominoperineal resection (APR) √ Hartmann’s √ Low anterior resection √ Ultra-low anterior resection √ Proctocolectomy √ Cystectomy √ Table 15.2 Type of stoma and…
Fig. 14.1 Liver metastasis on CT scan. The circle represents the location of liver metastases as seen on CT scan CT and MRI scans conventionally delineate the anatomical features of…
