Coma and Brain Death
2. Multifocal causes are the most diverse group and account for the largest cohort of cases of coma [4]. Trauma is the leading cause of coma followed by vascular lesions…
Anesthesia for Spinal Cord Injury Surgery
Posteriorly, each vertebra has a spinous process attached to bilateral laminae to form an arch. The laminae connect to bilateral transverse processes and then the pedicles, until finally fusing with…
Intracranial Arteriovenous μalformations (AVMs)
3. Indications for intervention a. Both the decision to intervene and the manner of intervention are dependent upon the degree of impairment the patient is experiencing as well as the…
Intracranial Aneurysms
Women by a 3:2 ratio are more likely to have a SAH than men [3]. B. Outcome. Approximately 15% of patients with acute SAH do not survive to hospital admission….
Electrophysiologic Monitoring (EEG and Evoked Potentials)
c. The basic frequency bands are thought to be rhythmic activity resulting from neural connections with the brainstem and thalamus (sometimes referred to as EEG pacemakers). d. Simple methods of…
The Pituitary Gland—Considerations in the Adult
FIGURE 8.1 Coronal section of the sella turcica demonstrating the anatomic relationship between the pituitary gland and cranial nerves, carotid arteries, and the cavernous and sphenoid sinuses. (By permission of…
Routine Craniotomy for Supratentorial Masses
FIGURE 4.1 Schematic diagram of the intracranial pressure (ICP)–volume relationship (elastance). As intracranial volume increases (A to B) compensation occurs resulting in minimal increase in ICP, but as elastance decreases…
Functional Neurosurgery
FIGURE 14.1 Deep brain nuclei: Targets for brain electrodes. 1. Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition due to loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. Dopamine inhibits…
Traumatic Brain Injury
CLINICAL PEARL In-hospital treatment of TBI should focus on minimizing secondary insults to the injured brain due to hypotension, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, hypocarbia, hyperthermia, intracranial hypertension, seizures, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia. A….
