Intravascular fluid, commonly referred to as plasma, is restricted to the intravascular space by the vascular endothelium Most electrolytes (small ions) freely pass between plasma and the interstitium, resulting in…
with increased anion gap (e.g., increase in strong nonvolatile acids). A normal anion gap is 7 to 14 mEq/L. Causes: Renal failure, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, alcohol, inborn…
Head-down position is useful for hypovolemic patients Head-up position is useful for patients with underlying pulmonary dysfunction Lateral position is useful for patients at high risk for vomiting or upper…
Clinical Classifications of Pain Acute pain: Pain caused by noxious stimulation from injury, a disease process, or the abnormal function of muscle or viscera. Nociceptive pain serves to detect, localize,…
Anatomic and Physiological Development: Respiratory System Pulmonary function: Neonates and infants ventilate less efficiently because of more horizontal, pliable ribs and protuberant abdomens. Fewer, smaller airways and alveoli result in…
(Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Guyton AC: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 7th ed. W.B. Saunders, 1986.) Liver lobules: Composed of plates of hepatocytes arranged cylindrically around a centrilobar…
Fixed Performance Equipment (High Flow) Air-entrainment Venturi masks: The gas delivery approach with air-entrainment masks is different than with oxygen reservoirs in that it is an open system with high…
(Reproduced with permission from Shah N, Bedford RF: Invasive and noninvasive blood pressuring monitoring. In: Clinical Monitoring: Practical Applications in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine. Lake CL, Hines RL, Blitt…
• Lung compliance is influenced by a variety of factors, including lung volume, pulmonary blood volume, extravascular lung water, and pathological processes such as inflammation and fibrosis. (Reproduced, with permission,…
Preoperative considerations: All patients are considered to have full stomachs. These patients are also usually allowed to have small amounts of clear liquids during labor. For elective cesarean sections, patients…
