Pulmonary edema
where Q is the net fluid filtration from the pulmonary microvascular (intravascular) capillary system to the peri-microvascular (extravascular) pulmonary tissue, Kf is the capillary filtration coefficient, P is the hydrostatic…
Colloid fluids
Figure 3.1 Left panel: Plasma volume expansion from infusion of 10 ml/kg of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 (Voluven) in 10 male volunteers. The thick curve is the modeled average and…
Non-invasive guidance of fluid therapy
Figure 16.1 Frank–Starling relationship between ventricular preload and ventricular stroke volume. The first portion of this relationship is called the steep portion and the second portion is called the plateau….
Hemodilution
Alteration in cardiac preload and afterload conditionsNegative inotropic effectDepressed autonomic nervous system activity2.Effects on the O2 extraction responseVasodilationDepressed sympathetic nervous system activity3.Effects on gas exchangeDecreased functional residual capacity4.Effects on tissue…
Acid–base issues in fluid therapy
For bedside purposes, it is sufficient to remember that this daunting equation may be functionally represented as [H+] = f (pCO2, [SID], ATOT). This implies that [H+] (and also [HCO3−])…
Invasive hemodynamic monitoring
Left ventricular failureRight ventricular failureShock especially in the context of right ventricular failureDifferentiating between different types of shock (for example cardiogenic, septic, hypovolemic, obstructive)Pulmonary edemaDifferentiating between cardiogenic edema and non-cardiogenic…
The glycocalyx layer
Figure 11.1 Electron microscopy of endothelial cells in the glomerular capillaries using ThO2 staining. The glycocalyx covers the endothelial cell surface in regularly distributed focal structures. The glycocalyx “bridges” the…
Fluids or blood products?
Figure 6.1 The four-column model of patient blood management (PBM) intended to avoid or minimize allogeneic transfusion in elective surgery, in order to improve the surgical patient’s postoperative outcome. Management…
The ERAS concept
Figure 18.1 Algorithm for intraoperative goal-directed fluid administration. FTc – descending aortic corrected flow time; SV – stroke volume. From Ref. [24], with permission. Despite this, in more recent studies…
