Introduction Neural function is essential to human existence. Thus, loss of any neural element in the course of a critical illness represents a major loss to a given individual. Neurons…
Introduction Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition because of the impact of permanent disability produced by paraplegia or quadriplegia. Treatment of the initial injury and reintegration…
Introduction Multiple advances in perioperative techniques, especially the maturation of cardiopulmonary bypass, have allowed the practice of cardiac surgery to develop rapidly. Despite these advances that have enabled contemporary cardiac…
Introduction Transfusion therapy is necessary and can be lifesaving in surgical patients. However, despite being the standard of care for blood loss and anemia, it has never undergone the rigorous,…
Undergoing general anesthesia for an elective operation has become exceedingly safe and is now rarely associated with mortality. With the improvements in perioperative screening, risk reduction, and intraoperative management, we…
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common, preventable perioperative complication occurring in up to 5% of noncardiac surgical patients. Even when treated,…
Introduction What Are Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (PPC)? PPC have been defined in a variety of ways, reflecting the lack of consensus. At its broadest, PPC may refer to almost any…
Anesthesia for Carotid Surgery In the United States, each year approximately 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke. Approximately 610,000 of these were first attacks and 185,000 were recurrent…
Introduction A rapid decline in glomerular filtration evidenced by the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) reflects acute kidney injury (AKI), a common major medical problem…
Introduction Safely guiding the patient with renal failure through the perioperative period presents a challenging set of problems such as the substantial comorbidity associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the…
