Endocrine Disorders

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Endocrine Disorders
The endocrine system has evolved to provide blood-borne communications between tissues and organs that improve the overall well-being of the individual. The interaction between the endocrine system and pregnancy is…
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Chronic Pain During and After Pregnancy

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Chronic Pain During and After Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION According to 2021 data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 20.9% of US adults (51.6 million) have chronic pain, and 6.9% (17.1 million) have…
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Cardiovascular Disease

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Cardiovascular Disease
Maternal mortality is increasing in the United States, and maternal cardiovascular deaths are increasing faster than the overall rate. Currently, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of maternal mortality in…
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Maternal Mortality

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Maternal Mortality
GLOBAL MATERNAL MORTALITY Globally, in 2023, an estimated 260,000 women died while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy, equivalent to approximately one maternal death every 2…
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Autoimmune Disorders

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Autoimmune Disorders
At the turn of the 20th century, Ehrlich proposed the dictum of horror autotoxicus , the belief that immunity is directed against foreign material and never against one’s own body….
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Embolic Disorders

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Embolic Disorders
Embolic disease during pregnancy includes venous thromboembolism, amniotic fluid embolism (AFE), and venous air embolism (VAE). These vary in incidence, clinical course, and consequences and account for almost one-sixth of…
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Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage
Obstetric hemorrhage is the most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for 27% of maternal deaths. Data from a World Health Organization (WHO) global systematic analysis estimates that 44,190…
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Infection

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Infection
NORMAL TEMPERATURE RANGE AND FEVER Definition and Pathophysiology The normal range of temperature for adults is 36.2°C to 37.0°C (mean ± 2 standard deviations), with an average temperature of 36.6°C,…
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Hypertensive Disorders

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Hypertensive Disorders
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is the most common medical disorder of pregnancy, affecting approximately 18 million women and 6% to 10% of pregnancies worldwide. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy can significantly impact both…
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Abnormal Presentation and Multiple Gestation

Oct 18, 2026 by in ANESTHESIA Comments Off on Abnormal Presentation and Multiple Gestation
Multiple gestation and abnormal fetal presentation represent major challenges in obstetric and obstetric anesthesia care. Operative vaginal and cesarean deliveries are more commonly required, and an obstetric emergency may necessitate…
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