Muscle Relaxants
Muscle Relaxants Muscle relaxants are broadly classified into two categories: Those that act peripherally at the muscle itself and those that act in the central nervous system (CNS). Muscle relaxants…
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Topical Pain Medications
Topical Pain Medications Local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the neurolytic substance capsaicin are three commonly used topical pain medications. These topical medications provide localized relief, targeting tissue on…
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Acetaminophen is commonly known as Tylenol in the United States and as Paracetamol in Europe. It is used to treat a variety of painful conditions. Its method of…
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by blocking inflammation at the site of pathology and by altering pain perception in the central nervous system (CNS). Peripherally, cyclooxygenase is…
Postoperative Pain
Postoperative Pain Pain after surgery is primarily derived from acute tissue manipulation. During surgery, inflammatory factors such as prostaglandins, bradykinin, and substance p are released. These increase the sensitivity of…
Podiatric (Foot and Ankle) Pain
Podiatric (Foot and Ankle) Pain This chapter presents the most common clinical causes of chronic pain in the foot and ankle. They include plantar fasciitis, hallux valgus (bunion), Morton’s neuroma,…
Miscellaneous Pain Disorders that Affect Multiple Areas of the Body
Miscellaneous Pain Disorders that Affect Multiple Areas of the Body Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Formerly Known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy or Causalgia) Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is defined as…
Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic Pain Nerves send sensory impulses to the brain for interpretation. These impulses travel in a regular pattern when the nervous system is working properly. When injured, this regular controlled…
Pelvic Pain
Pelvic Pain This chapter presents the most common causes of chronic pelvic pain (CPP). CPP is a prevalent and challenging disorder to manage. CPP is a noncyclic pain of 6…
