Chronic steroid use HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Autoimmune adrenalitis Congenital (congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenoleukodystrophy) Infiltrative (sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis) Cancer Surgery/irradiation Hepatic failure Pancreatitis Table 61.2. Etiologies of acute adrenal insufficiency Drugs (steroids,…
Sepsis Urinary tract infection Pneumonia Myocardial infarction Stroke Gastrointestinal bleeding Medication noncompliance Newly diagnosed diabetes Presentation Classic presentation Classic symptoms of hyperglycemia including polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, dizziness, and weakness. Abdominal…
Age >40 yearsHistory of venous thromboembolismProlonged immobilization, including long air or ground travelCancerTrauma or major surgeryObesityPregnancyHormonal contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapyAcute illness or inflammatory diseases (such as inflammatory bowel disease)Genetic…
AAA diameter (cm) 5-year risk of rupture (%/year) <4.0 cm 0% 4.0–4.9 cm 0.5–5% 5.0–5.9 cm 3–15% 6.0–6.9 cm 10–20% 7.0–7.9 cm 20–40% 8.0 cm 30–50% Table 36.2. Risk factors…
3-Lead or 5-lead ECG system Heart rate Blood pressure Mean arterial pressure Respiratory rate Oxygen saturation Temperature Three electrodes (white, black, and red) are used in 3-lead ECG systems, allowing…
Chemotherapy Radiation therapy to the bone marrow Genetic mutations Transient infections Autoimmune Drug induced Nutritional deficiency Marrow infiltration and destruction Reticuloendothelial sequestration Presentation Classic presentation Without adequate neutrophils, patients can…
Warfarin Inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X) and proteins C and S Heparin Activates antithrombin III, leading to inactivation of thrombin and other coagulation…
Disseminated intravascular coagulation Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome Meningococcemia, pneumococcemia, staphylococcemia, gonococcemia Rocky Mountain spotted fever Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Henoch–Schönlein purpura Hemorrhagic drug reaction Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis Viral hemorrhagic…
Traumatic Nontraumatic Multitrauma/crush injury Environmental heat illness/dehydration Burns Seizures Vascular or orthopedic surgery Hereditary myopathies Coma Malignant hyperthermia Immobilization Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Envenomation (snake, black widow) Drugs Extreme exertion Infections…
