Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Agents Etomidate, propofol Ketamine, nitrous oxide, xenon, cyclopropane Barbiturates, halo alkyls Actions Potent hypnotics Potent analgesics Potent hypnotics Weak immobilizers Weak hypnotics Potent…

Drug Protein binding and hepatic extraction ratio Volume of distribution at steady state Clearance Elimination half-life Clinical significance in patients with liver disease Thiopental 85 % 0.2 Increased Decreased Prolonged…

Drug Mechanism Indication Dosing options Drug interactions Side effects Monobactam (aztreonam) Inhibition of cell wall mucopeptide synthesis Strong activity against gram-negative bacteria; may be substituted for penicillins or cephalosporin IV,…

Fig. 46.1 Characteristic short-long-short on ECG rhythm strip preceding episode of torsades de pointes (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Benson et al. [66], Figure 3, and…

Fig. 54.1 Anesthesia has both desirable and undesirable end points. General anesthetics cause the therapeutic end points of amnesia, immobility, unconsciousness, and analgesia (shown in blue). Cardiovascular instability, convulsions, respiratory…

Preload reduction Afterload reduction Decreased pulmonary venous congestion Reduction in ventricular wall stress Decreased ventricular wall stress Increased coronary blood flow Increased coronary blood flow Enhanced oxygen delivery Improved myocardial…

Chemical Structure 30.1 Levodopa Chemical Structure 30.2 Benzatropine Chemical Structure 30.3 Cyclophosphamide Chemical Structure 30.4 Riluzole Chemical Structure 30.5 Azathioprine References 1. Dierdorf SF, Walton JS. Rare and coexisting diseases….

Fig. 27.1 Arachidonic acid (on cell membrane) activated by phospholipase enzyme to become free arachidonic acid (AA) which goes to one of two pathways. (1) 5-hydroxyperoxy-arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase producing…

Fig. 24.1 Factor-based (historic) model of coagulation. From Slaughter [1] The coagulation process is divided into three phases: initiation, amplification, and propagation (Fig. 24.2). Fig. 24.2 Cell-based (contemporary) model of…

I. Pulmonary arterial hypertension   Idiopathic   Heritable   Drug and toxin induced   Associated with:    Connective tissue diseases    HIV infection    Portal hypertension    Congenital heart diseases    Schistosomiasis    Chronic hemolytic anemia   Persistent pulmonary hypertension of…