D Endoscopy 1. Introduction a) Endoscopic surgery includes panendoscopy, laryngoscopy, microlaryngoscopy (laryngoscopy aided by an operating microscope), esophagoscopy, and bronchoscopy. All of these procedures can be performed by using a rigid or…

C Dental restoration 1. Introduction     Dental restoration procedures are performed under general anesthesia for a multitude of reasons. These include rampant cavities, history of mental disability, and an uncooperative patient who…

B Dacryocystorhinostomy 1. Introduction     Dacryocystorhinostomy is performed for patients who have chronic tearing or obstruction at the level of the nasolacrimal duct. This procedure restores drainage into the nose from the…

L Transurethral resection of the prostate 1. Introduction Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in men older than 60 years of age….

A Cleft palate and lip Cleft palate 1. Introduction     Cleft palate repair is usually performed in stages, depending on the extent of the defect. For the more severe deformities, the initial…

K Scrotal procedures 1. Introduction Scrotal procedures are considered minor operative procedures and can be performed on an outpatient basis. In adults, most elective scrotal procedures can be performed under local…

J Robotic urologic surgery 1. Introduction Robotic-assisted surgery is an emerging technique for management of various urologic procedures such as prostatectomy. One of the commercially available systems is the da Vinci…

I Renal transplant 1. Introduction Renal transplantation has been performed for nearly a century and is an accepted means of replacing kidney function in patients with end-stage renal disease who are…

H Radical prostatectomy 1. Introduction Open prostatectomy refers to removal of the prostate with or without the prostatic capsule. Several surgical approaches may be used, including suprapubic, transvesical, retropubic, perineal, and…

G Percutaneous nephrolithotomy 1. Introduction