F Penile procedures 1. Introduction Penile procedures are commonly performed for the following three indications: (1) to repair congenital defects such as hypospadias (typically a pediatric procedure), which is usually a…

D Laparoscopic nephrectomy 1. Introduction Indications for nephrectomy include calculus, hemorrhage, hydronephrosis, hypertension, neoplasms, transplantation, trauma, chronic infection, and vascular disease. Partial nephrectomy is performed to preserve as much renal function…

E Laparoscopic urologic surgery 1. Introduction Laparoscopy is the process of inspecting the abdominal cavity through an endoscope. Some examples of surgical procedures that can be done laparoscopically include varicocelectomy, percutaneous…

B Cystoscopy 1. Introduction Cystoscopy is the use of instrumentation to examine the urinary tract. A cystoscope may be used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures such as for workup of hematuria,…

C Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 1. Introduction Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a technique that uses high-energy shock waves to fragment renal calculi into small particles. A biplanar fluoroscopy unit is…

R Whipple resection 1. Introduction Whipple resection consists of a pancreatoduodenectomy, pancreatojejunostomy, hepaticojejunostomy, and gastrojejunostomy. On entering the peritoneal cavity, the surgeon determines the resectability of the pancreatic lesion. Contraindications to…

A Cystectomy 1. Introduction The bladder is usually removed for cancer but may also be removed for severe hemorrhagic or radiation cystitis. In a radical cystectomy for invasive cancer in women,…

Q Splenectomy 1. Introduction Patients presenting for splenectomy can be divided into two groups: trauma patients and patients with myeloproliferative disorders and other varieties of hypersplenism. Anesthetic management is individualized based…

P Small bowel resection 1. Introduction Small bowel resection is performed for various diseases, including intestinal obstruction, small bowel tumors, abdominal trauma, stricture, adhesions, Meckel’s diverticulum, Crohn’s disease, and infection. 2. Preoperative…

N Liver transplantation 1. Introduction Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with acute and chronic end-stage liver disease. The liver transplant operation can be divided into three stages:…