BP during laryngoscopy (may result in transient hypotension). • Requires intraarterial BP monitoring and use of infusion pump. • Must be protected from light because of photodegradation.   Sodium Nitroprusside:…

Intravascular fluid, commonly referred to as plasma, is restricted to the intravascular space by the vascular endothelium Most electrolytes (small ions) freely pass between plasma and the interstitium, resulting in…

with increased anion gap (e.g., increase in strong nonvolatile acids). A normal anion gap is 7 to 14 mEq/L. Causes: Renal failure, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, alcohol, inborn…

Head-down position is useful for hypovolemic patients Head-up position is useful for patients with underlying pulmonary dysfunction Lateral position is useful for patients at high risk for vomiting or upper…

Clinical Classifications of Pain Acute pain: Pain caused by noxious stimulation from injury, a disease process, or the abnormal function of muscle or viscera. Nociceptive pain serves to detect, localize,…

Anatomic and Physiological Development: Respiratory System Pulmonary function: Neonates and infants ventilate less efficiently because of more horizontal, pliable ribs and protuberant abdomens. Fewer, smaller airways and alveoli result in…

(Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Guyton AC: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 7th ed. W.B. Saunders, 1986.)   Liver lobules: Composed of plates of hepatocytes arranged cylindrically around a centrilobar…