Fig. 40.1 Lewis Sheiner’Visionary Pharmacologist (1940–2004) Shafer started closer to San Francisco, enrolling in Stanford Medical School in 1978. In his last year at Stanford, Shafer worked with Stanski, a…

Fig. 9.1 The percent of anesthesiology residents who were IMGs increased to 58% in 1972, falling to a nadir of 9% two decades later. A second peak followed Clinton’s focus…

Fig. 37.1 Isabella Herb administers ethylene anesthesia while the discoverers of ethylene as an anesthetic, J. Bailey Carter and Arno Luckhardt, observe. (From [12]. Photo provided by Dr. John B….

T Drysdale Buchanan, MD New York, New York John S Lundy, MD Rochester, Minnesota EA Rovenstine, MD New York, New York Henry S Ruth, MD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania H Boyd Stewart,…

Fig. 39.1 The chronology of the major anesthesia drug discoveries began in 1844 with nitrous oxide. Some drugs were more equal than others, and the game changers are given in…

Fig. 44.1 Historical overview of influence of pharmacogenetics on anesthesia.βARs β-adrenergic receptors,µ-OR µ-opioid receptor,SCN9A sodium channel mutation Prolonged Apnea After Succinylcholine The depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine entered clinical practice in…

Opioid Year synthesized Chemist and/or companya Oxymorphone (Numorphone) 1914  Oxycodone 1916 Freud and Speyer, University of Frankfurt, 1917 Hydrocodone 1920 Mannich and Lowenheim Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) 1924 Launched by Knoll, 1926+…

Fig. 38.1 The minimum years of training in anesthesia and related areas in 20 European countries progressively increased from the 1940s to the 1990s Table 38.1 A summary of the…

Fig. 21.1 Members of the New York Society of Anesthesiologists’ Committee on Fellowships. (Courtesy of the New York State Society of Anesthesiologists, New York, NY.) Francis McMechan established the International…

Fig. 36.1 Magaw at the head of the table, giving what appears to be ether anesthesia. (Courtesy of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists Archive.) In the article, Magaw said:…