Anesthesia Key

Abstract The anatomy of the spine is complex and includes the osseus spinal column, joints, spinal canal, intervertebral formina, spinal cord, nerve roots, and spinal vasculature. Back pain may arise…

Abstract Central pain states are common sequelae of spinal cord injury and stroke. Spinal cord injury pain has been classified based on the pain type (nociceptive, neuropathic), the pain subtype…

Abstract Amputation of a limb can lead to both painful and nonpainful sequelae, which occur in a majority of patients. 1.6 million Americans currently experience limb loss, with the prevalence…

Abstract Cervicogenic headache is referred pain from cervical structures innervated by the upper three cervical spinal nerves. Cervicogenic headache can be defined as headache that is provoked by neck movement…

Abstract Low back pain (LBP) is a symptom, not a disease, and is caused by a variety of syndromes afflicting the spine, its constituent neural structures, paraspinal muscles and ligaments,…

Abstract Complex regional pain syndrome remains an enigmatic condition to manage due to its diverse etiology, varying clinical course, and lack of definitive treatments that are universally effective. Though there…

Abstract Herpes zoster (shingles) is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) from dorsal sensory or cranial nerve ganglia. The characteristic unilateral dermatomal vesicular rash of herpes zoster heals…

Abstract Fibromyalgia is the prototypical centralized pain disorder with an estimated prevalence between 2% and 8%. Despite the controversy in the medical community, more is known about the mechanisms driving…

Abstract Meningeal puncture headache (MPH), commonly known as postdural puncture headache (PDPH), is an orthostatic bilateral headache following meningeal puncture. The headache can be associated with other symptoms, like neck…