Abstract Neurophysiologic studies are useful for the evaluation of patients with pain. This chapter describes electrical tests such as electromyography, nerve conduction testing, somatosensory evoked potential as well as quantitative…
Abstract Pain is an internal, subjective experience that cannot be measured by the use of physiologic markers or bioassays. The assessment of pain, therefore, relies largely (often exclusively) on the…
Abstract This chapter highlights the importance of a systematic, targeted, physical examination in the evaluation of patients with pain and describes each of the components in detail. General observations are…
Abstract Physical disability and impairment are growing public health concerns in the United States. Regardless of training, background, or specialty, practicing physicians will need to assess and opine about impairments…
Abstract The classification scheme for psychiatric diagnoses and related pain complaints has changed significantly in the most recent update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM-5….
Abstract This chapter outlines the main components of psychological evaluations for persons with chronic pain, which are recommended to be included as part of a comprehensive pain management plan. The…
Abstract This chapter summarizes the key neurochemical mediators for activation and sensitization of primary afferent fibers at their distal endings in the tissues as well as the second messenger systems…
Abstract Understanding pain can be difficult due to a plethora of different types of terminology, different nomenclature, and oftentimes even overlapping and contradictory criteria for diagnosis. This chapter intends to…
Abstract Plantar fasciitis is characterized by pain and tenderness over the plantar surface of the calcaneus. It is twice as common in women as in men. Plantar fasciitis is thought…
Abstract Calcaneal spurs are a common cause of heel pain. They can occur anywhere along the calcaneal tuberosity but are most frequently found at the insertion of the plantar fascia….
