Abstract 90% or more of the population is affected by headaches at one time or another. Most of these are mild to moderate in intensity, with vague associated symptoms, and…
Abstract Migraines are among the most common headache disorders. They are now considered to be of neuronal, rather than vascular, origin. Because they can vary widely in their presentation, intensity,…
Abstract Intrathecal opioids are widely accepted and efficacious method for providing postoperative analgesia. We review the mechanism of action as well as the clinical use of intrathecal opioids. The side…
Abstract Children present unique challenges in the management of postoperative pain. Differences in brain development and drug metabolism influence dosing regimens. Assessment of pain is affected by a child’s ability…
Abstract Providing continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNB)—also called “perineural local anesthetic infusion”—involves the percutaneous insertion of a catheter directly adjacent to the peripheral nerve(s) supplying the surgical site, as opposed…
Abstract Epidural opioids provide effective analgesia for postoperative pain. We discuss the use of both single-dose and continuous infusion for analgesia. In addition, the side effects of epidural opioids are…
Abstract Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a common, effective method for achieving postoperative pain control. Classically, opioids are self-administered intravenously using a programmable infusion pump. However, other agents and modes of…
Abstract Opioids are the most commonly used medications for perioperative pain control. Many studies have evaluated the efficacy of several nonopioid infusions to decrease postoperative pain and minimize the use…
Abstract Postoperative pain remains a significant problem for patients and a challenge for anesthesiologists and acute pain medicine specialists. Despite advancements in the last two decades with increased use of…
Abstract For the survival and well-being of the organism, the detection of tissue-damaging or potentially tissue-damaging threats in the environment is essential. This critical function is served by the nociceptive…
