Pharmacogenomic Implication Scenarios Pharmacotherapy in the ICU is often a complex undertaking with patient-specific variables such as severity of illness, comorbid disease, and volume status greatly altering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic…
TABLE 100.2 Definitions DIAGNOSIS, ETIOLOGY, AND MANIFESTATION Malignant Hypertension The peak incidence of malignant hypertension occurs between the ages of 40 and 50, with risk factors including poor long-term blood…
Pathophysiology With the exception of distal urethra, the urinary tract is normally sterile. The resistance to UTI is influenced by exposure to uropathogenic bacteria, age, hormonal status, and urine flow…
Sepsis is an increasingly frequent indication for ICU admission, accounting for 10% to 57% of all admissions for HIV-infected patients during recent years (3–5,9,24). Other commonly reported causes of ICU…
Epidemiology Plague is primarily a rural disease that occurs in all continents except Australia (24). Although most common in rural settings in developing nations, sporadic clusters occur regularly in the…
C. albicans is the most common Candida species involved in invasive candidiasis, followed by C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. Other species are less common and often associated with…
Ethanol ingestion may cause acute gastritis and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Alcoholics have an increased incidence of peptic ulcer disease and pancreatitis; acute alcohol intoxication may precipitate alcoholic hepatitis in the…
The risk of infection in corticosteroid-treated patients is related to the dose and duration of therapy (13,14). Those treated with more than 10 to 20 mg/day of prednisone for more…
TABLE 113.2 Severity of Breathlessness Assessment According to the Modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) Lung Volume and Diffusing Capacity Lung volumes can be measured using whole-body plethysmography or gas…
FIGURE 114.1 Outcomes in pulmonary embolism. RV, right ventricle. Risk Factors The Virchow triad of stasis, vessel trauma, and hypercoagulability remain fundamental risk factors for VTE. Furthermore, risk factors can…
