The Cardiovascular System
1. Much of our understanding of cardiac development is derived from research in nonhuman species with the expectation that the same processes occur in humans. 2. The etiology of congenital heart disease…
Developmental Pharmacology
1. Pediatric responses to drugs are determined by a large number of factors that change independently of one another during growth and development. 2. Children aged less that 12 months may have…
Fundamental Differences between Children and Adults
1. Pediatric anesthesiologists have long recognized that pharmacologic and physiologic calculations are larger on a “per kg” basis for infants and children than for adults. 2. Using the kg3/4 calculation, metabolic oxygen…
The Musculoskeletal System and Orthopedic Surgery
1. The musculoskeletal system is derived from the paraxial mesoderm which begins to differentiate into somites during the 4th week of development. 2. Many common pediatric syndromes and associations such as VACTERL…
The Body Cavity and Wall
1. The septum transversum forms in the neck from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical myotomes and “descends” with the heart into the developing pleural cavity, subsequently separating into three layers….
The Foregut and Chest
1. A wide variety of disorders, with common as well as unique management principles, arise from the organs of the foregut. 2. These disorders are often associated with congenital anomalies and/or prematurity….
Trauma and Casualty Management
1. Age and sex are the most important factors influencing the patterns of injury in pediatric trauma. 2. Because their cranial bones are thinner and their head-to-body ratio is greater, the contents…
Pediatric Pain Management
1. The undertreatment of pain in children remains a problem. This is because pain and pain management are difficult problems made more complex by the ever changing physical and psychological states…
Gut Development: Surgical and Anesthetic Implications
1. The endoderm is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut based on its vascular supply. 2. The tongue’s complex muscular and nervous innervation is a result of its development from branchial…
The Urogenital System
1. The development of the urogenital system can conceptually be divided into its urinary portion and genital portion. 2. Specific anesthetic considerations for patients with Wilms tumor include a thorough imaging evaluation…
