Fig. 1 Hyperalgesic priming induces a switch in nociceptor second messenger signaling pathways. In a naïve animal, administration (hindpaw injection) of an inflammatory stimulus (e.g., PGE2) results in transient Gs/PKA-mediated…
Fig. 1 Opioids were applied in the volar forearm of volunteers by dermal microdialysis. Intensity of opioid-induced maximum itch is shown in (a) (visual analog scale 0–10, mean ± SEM). (b) Peak…
Fig. 1 Dimensions of pain 1 Pain-Related Amygdala Circuitry The amygdala is closely interconnected with numerous cortical, subcortical, and brainstem areas. Figure 2 shows key amygdala nuclei and their connections relevant…
Fig. 1 Immunostaining for GABA in a semithin (0.5 μm) section from the L4 segment of a rat that had undergone chronic constriction injury of the left sciatic nerve 2 weeks…
Protein Gene Human chromosome Distribution Tetrodotoxin sensitive Nav1.1 SCN1A 2q24.3 CNS; heart + Nav1.2 SCN2A 2q24.3 CNS + Nav1.3 SCN3A 2q24.3 Foetal DRG + Nav1.4 SCN4A 17q23.3 Muscle + Nav1.5…
Fig. 1 Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise and changed expression of NGF mRNA in the muscle of rat. (a) Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia developed after lengthening contraction (LC) of the extensor…
Fig. 1 Transection of the dorsal root, e.g., rhizotomy, separates the spinal cord from the DRG. All central terminals of sensory afferent fibers degenerate; peripheral terminals and sympathetic efferent fibers…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Hans-Georg Schaible (ed.)Pain ControlHandbook of Experimental Pharmacology22710.1007/978-3-662-46450-2_8 The Role of Glia in the Spinal Cord in Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain Elizabeth Amy Old1, Anna K. Clark1 and Marzia Malcangio1 (1) Wolfson Centre for Age…
Fig. 1 Changes in the nociceptive system during pathophysiologic nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Spinal sensitization and increased hyperexcitability at the supraspinal level form the process of central sensitization At…
Mustafa S, Pfleger KDG (2011) G protein-coupled receptor heteromer identification technology: identification and profiling of GPCR heteromers. J Lab Autom 16:285–291. doi:10.1016/j.jala.2011.03.002 PubMed Mustafa S, See HB, Seeber RM et…
