Valvular heart disease
F Valvular heart disease Aortic stenosis Disease of the aortic valve may present as aortic valvular stenosis, insufficiency, or a combination of both. Valvular heart disease is usually caused by…
Anal fistulotomy and fistulectomy
A Anal fistulotomy and fistulectomy 1. Introduction Most perianal fistulas arise as a result of infection within the anal glands located at the dentate line (cryptoglandular fistula). Fistulas may also arise…
Pacemakers
The two most common types of pacemakers are VVI and DDD. Automatic internal cardiac defibrillator Internal cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) are used in populations that are at high risk of sudden…
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass techniques
CCO, Continuous cardiac output; ICU, intensive care unit; LV, left ventricular, MIDCAB, minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting; OPCAB, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting; PAC, pulmonary artery catheter, SVo2,…
Automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator
B Automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator Definition Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators are surgically implanted to prevent sudden cardiac death from malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. These are self-contained diagnostic devices that continuously monitor…
Ablation procedures
A Ablation procedures Maze and mini-maze procedures The MAZE procedure is offered to patients at high risk for stroke who have unsuccessful attempts at pharmacologic treatment. It is an “open-heart”…
Systemic lupus erythematosus
G Systemic lupus erythematosus Definition Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of connective tissues that affects multiple organ systems with periods of remissions and exacerbations. Incidence and…
Scleroderma
F Scleroderma Definition Widespread, symmetric lesions that cause induration of the skin and are followed by atrophy and pigmentation changes characterize scleroderma. It is a systemic disease that affects muscles,…
Malnutrition
D Malnutrition Definition Malnutrition, or nutritional failure, is associated with protein depletion in the presence of adequate calories or with combined protein-calorie deficiency. Protein-calorie depletion is a frequent finding in…
Glaucoma or open globe
C Glaucoma or open globe Definition and etiology In glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP) is increased, resulting in impaired capillary flow to the optic nerve. If the condition is left untreated,…
