Acid–base issues in fluid therapy
For bedside purposes, it is sufficient to remember that this daunting equation may be functionally represented as [H+] = f (pCO2, [SID], ATOT). This implies that [H+] (and also [HCO3−])…
Invasive hemodynamic monitoring
Left ventricular failureRight ventricular failureShock especially in the context of right ventricular failureDifferentiating between different types of shock (for example cardiogenic, septic, hypovolemic, obstructive)Pulmonary edemaDifferentiating between cardiogenic edema and non-cardiogenic…
The glycocalyx layer
Figure 11.1 Electron microscopy of endothelial cells in the glomerular capillaries using ThO2 staining. The glycocalyx covers the endothelial cell surface in regularly distributed focal structures. The glycocalyx “bridges” the…
Fluids or blood products?
Figure 6.1 The four-column model of patient blood management (PBM) intended to avoid or minimize allogeneic transfusion in elective surgery, in order to improve the surgical patient’s postoperative outcome. Management…
The ERAS concept
Figure 18.1 Algorithm for intraoperative goal-directed fluid administration. FTc – descending aortic corrected flow time; SV – stroke volume. From Ref. [24], with permission. Despite this, in more recent studies…
Microvascular fluid exchange
where Lp represents hydraulic permeability (fluid conductivity), S is the surface area available for fluid exchange, reflecting the number of perfused capillaries, ΔP is the net transcapillary hydrostatic force for…
Monitoring of the microcirculation
Figure 12.1 The convective and diffusive determinants of oxygen transport from the microcirculation to the tissue cell. The convective flow is defined by the product of the oxygen-carrying saturation (Hbsat,…
Trauma
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 32 Trauma Joshua D. Person and John B. Holcomb Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting, Second Edition, ed. Robert G. Hahn. Published by Cambridge…
Severe sepsis and septic shock
Figure 28.1 Fluid therapy in septic shock. BE, base excess; CI, cardiac index; CVP, central venous pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; NA, noradrenaline; ScvO2, central venous oxygen saturation; SVRI, systemic…
