Mechanism of action Drug category Drug Reuptake inhibition Antidepressant • SSRI Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram • SNRI Venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine • DNRI Bupropion • TCA Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin • Serotonin modulator Trazodone…
CHAPTER 21 Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Caudal Raj Doshi, Vikram B. Patel, and Salahadin Abdi INTRODUCTION Epidural steroid injections have been used for the treatment of…
CHAPTER 39 Vertebral Augmentation Ramsin Benyamin, Ricardo Vallejo, Atiq Rehman, and Allen Burton INTRODUCTION The aging population gives us cause for great concern especially in those suffering from osteoporosis. Rates…
CHAPTER 56 Tendon Injections Robert Balch III INDICATIONS • The indications for tendon or ligament injections can fall into 1 of 2 categories: diagnostic and therapeutic. Infiltration of local anesthetic along…
CHAPTER 40 Epidural Lysis of Adhesions Rinoo V. Shah INTRODUCTION Epidural lysis of adhesions refers to a percutaneous spinal procedure for pain relief (Racz procedure). Pain may occur due to…
CHAPTER 54 Myofascial Injections (Trigger Point, Piriformis, Iliopsoas, and Scalene Injections) Clark C. Smith, Farooq Khan, Juan Francisco Asenjo, and Honorio T. Benzon OVERVIEW OF MYOFASCIAL INJECTIONS Myofascial pain is…
CHAPTER 55 Intra-Articular Joint Injections Michael N. Brown INTRODUCTION In the past, the purpose for gaining intra-articular access of joints has been predominant for aspiration of synovial fluid and injection…
CHAPTER 71 Spinal Cord Stimulation: Implantation Techniques Elias Veizi and Salim M. Hayek INTRODUCTION Electrical stimulation of neural structures is a widely used, nondestructive, reversible therapy, for chronic noncancer related…
CHAPTER 19 Occipital Nerve Blocks Andrea Trescot and Lawrence Kamhi INTRODUCTION Beruto and Ramus first described occipital neuralgia in 1821.1 In the beginning of the 1900’s, Luff2 as well as…
