Anesthesia Key

Fig. 25.1 Pia mater. (a, b) Human spinal pia mater at spinal cord level. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×30; b, ×300 Fig. 25.2 Pia mater. Scanning electron microscopy. Human…

Fig. 8.1 Brachial plexus, interscalenic region. Masson’s trichrome stained. First section of a serially sectioned sample Fig. 8.2 Brachial plexus, interscalenic region. (a) and (b) are two successive sections. Masson’s…

Fig. 6.1 Intraneural plexus. (a) Diagram. (b) Fascicle interconnections present in Fig. 6.5a (Panel a from De Andrés et al. [3]; with permission) Fig. 6.2 Human dural sac and nerve…

Fig. 21.1 Dissection of human dural sac during neurosurgical intervention (b from Reina et al. [1]; with permission) Fig. 21.2 View of human spinal arachnoid layer during neurosurgical intervention (b…

Fig. 9.1 The lumbar plexus is formed inside the psoas major muscle, in the posterior wall of the abdomen. The lumbar ventral rami enter this muscle, where they combine to…

Fig. 20.1 Human spinal dura mater. External surface. Scanning electron microscopy. (a) Magnification ×12 (From Reina et al. [1]; with permission.) (b) Magnification ×50 (From Reina et al. [6]; with…

Fig. 15.1 (a–c) Dissection of supraclavicular brachial plexus from the roots (anterior divisions of spinal nerves C5 to T1) to divisions of the trunks (upper [UT], middle [MT], and lower…

Fig. 44.1 22G Quincke type needles. (a, b) Needles from different manufacturers. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×40; b, ×40 Fig. 44.2 25G Pencil-point type needles. (a) Pencil-point type needle….

Major signs Minor signs Needle inside the nerve Pop sign Impalement sign Halo around the nerve Increased nerve area  Swelling View of epineurial sheath  Reduced elastic area Proximal diffusion Distal…

Fig. 45.1 20 G open-end epidural catheter. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×70; b, ×70 Fig. 45.2 20 G epidural catheter. (a) Closed-end tip of catheter. (b) Open-end tip of…