Performance of regional anesthesia in children
Figure 2.1 A selection of ultrasound machines used for regional anesthesia. A variety of needles, stimulating and non-stimulating, and echogenic needles that are coated or scored are available for use…
Pharmacology of local anesthetics in children
Figure 3.1 Mechanism of action of local anesthetics (LA) at the sodium channel with subsequent blocking of neural transmission. Normal neural transmission is dependent on sodium (Na+) influx through Na+…
Introduction
Figure 1.1 Graph of PubMed® search results for terms “ultrasound,” “nerve,” and “block” from 2003 to 2013. Many of the challenges associated with the performance of regional anesthesia in children…
Anatomy of the neuraxis, thoracic and abdominal walls, upper and lower limbs
Figure 6.1 Thoracolumbar spine. Spinal cord The spinal cord lies protected within the vertebral canal, encased in three layers of connective tissue structures known as meninges. The layer closest to…
Ultrasound for spinal anesthesia
Figure 19.1 Probe position. (a,b) Paramedian sagittal (PS) view probe position – view from behind and above. (c,d) Paramedian sagittal oblique (PSO) view probe position – view from behind and…
Ultrasound-guided caudal block
Figure 20.1 Transverse sonoanatomy of the sacral (sacrum cornu (SC), sacrococcygeal ligament above sacral hiatus, coccyx) – the “frog eye sign.” Longitudinal scan The sagital sonogram of the sacrum shows…
Basics of ultrasonography for regional anesthesia in children
(a) Curve array probe (left), linear array probe 38 mm (middle), and linear array probe 25 mm (right). (b) “Hockey-stick” type probe. Figure 5.2 Specific needle covered with “cornerstone” reflectors…
Ultrasound-guided paravertebral block
Figure 17.1 Axial sonoanatomy of the paravertebral space. Figure 17.2 Labeled axial sonoanatomy of the paravertebral space (PVS). IIM, internal intercostal membrane; TP, transverse process. Landmarks For unilateral paravertebral block…
Ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block
Figure 13.1 Sonoanatomy popliteal fossa. CPN, common peroneal nerve; TN, tibial nerve: both nerves constitute the sciatic nerve. PA, popliteal artery. The sciatic nerve’s whole length can be visualized sonographically,…
Ultrasound-guided facial blocks
Figure 21.1 Probe placement and puncture site location for supraorbital nerve block. Ultrasound transverse view of disruption of the bone table at the foramina and vessel identification using color Doppler….
