Key Points ▪ Herbal medication use has increased dramatically in the overall population and particularly in preoperative patients. ▪ Patients might not volunteer information unless they are queried specifically about…
Key Points ▪ Local anesthetics block voltage-gated sodium channels and thereby interrupt initiation and propagation of impulses in axons, but they have a wide variety of other biologic actions, desirable…
Key Points ▪ Perioperative risk is multifactorial and may occur as a result of anesthesia-, surgery-, and/or patient-specific factors. ▪ Anesthesia-related (and surgery-related) risk is typically defined as morbidity and…
Key Points ▪ The gastrointestinal (GI) tract forms a long tube from mouth to anus and its main functions are motility, digestion, absorption, excretion, and circulation. Each component of the…
Key Points ▪ Anesthesia consists of separable and independent components, each of which involves distinct, but possibly overlapping, mechanisms at different sites in the central nervous system. ▪ The potencies…
Key Points ▪ The cardiac cycle is the sequence of electrical and mechanical events during a single heartbeat. ▪ Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate, myocardial contractility, and…
Key Points ▪ With a better understanding of pain pathways and mechanisms, it has been recognized that ion channels play an important role in the transduction, transmission, and modulation of…
Key Points ▪ The liver is the largest abdominal organ and carries out a number of vital functions including metabolism and detoxification. ▪ The liver receives approximately 25% of the…
Key Points ▪ Removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is determined by alveolar ventilation, not by total (minute) ventilation. ▪ Dead space ventilation can be dramatically increased in patients…
Key Points ▪ Led by the discipline of anesthesiology, simulators and the use of simulation have become integral parts of many health care domains for various uses including training of…
