Pharmacokinetics
Figure 27.1 Overview of pharmacokinetic processes Drug administration Drugs are administered by many different routes. The aim of drug administration is to achieve therapeutic levels of the drug at its…
Cellular physiology
↑ glycogen synthesis↑ protein synthesis↑ triacylglycerol synthesis↑ fatty acid synthesis↓ glycogenolysis↓ ketone formation↓ breakdown of triglyceridesGlucagonAlpha cells in the islets of Langerhans↑ glycogenolysis↑ ketone formation↑ gluconeogenesisAdrenalineAdrenal medulla↑ glycogenolysis↑ gluconeogenesis↑ lipolysisCortisolAdrenal…
Physiology of pain
Figure 19.1 The nociceptive pathway Dimensions of the pain experience Pain has a protective function and may or may not be associated with tissue damage. Pain should not be equated…
Muscle physiology
Figure 13.2 Macroscopic structure of skeletal muscle Microscopic structure Each muscle cell runs the length of the muscle belly and is polynucleate. The vast majority of muscle cells are innervated…
Regional anaesthesia
Figure 7.3 Lidocaine toxicity Cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity depend on the mass of drug reaching the systemic circulation. The transfer of drug (by diffusion) from the circulation to…
Physical chemistry
Figure 25.2 Two-dimensional representation of atomic structure Each atom has a nucleus (central core) of neutrons and protons, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. Figure 25.3 shows the…
Metabolism and temperature regulation
Alkaline phosphataseCarbonic anhydraseSuperoxide dismutaseGrowth restriction, hypogonadismCopperCytochrome c oxidaseSuperoxide dismutaseMicrocytic, hypochromic anaemia Energy balance Energy in the body is obtained by breaking down the larger molecules of digested food or alternatively…
Endocrine physiology
OxytocinACTHFSH-RHLH-RHACTH-RHTRHPTHCalcitoninInsulinGlucagonSomatostatinFSHLHTSHAldosteroneCorticosteroidsTestosteroneOestrogenProgesteronePIH (dopamine)AdrenalineNoradrenalineThyroxineTri-iodothyronineProstaglandinsVitamin D Note that ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is sometimes still referred to as corticotropin, and ACTH-RH (adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing hormone) is also frequently called CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) or…
Haematology and immunology
Figure 12.1 Relationship between globin chains in haemoglobin The haemoglobin molecule changes configuration during oxygen uptake and release. Deoxyhaemoglobin is in the taut (T) configuration, while the binding of oxygen…
Physiology of pregnancy
Figure 23.2 Changes in cardiac output through the trimesters of pregnancy Patient posture has been found to influence cardiac output measurements during pregnancy (Figure 23.3). Measurements performed in the lateral…
