Breathing Systems
Reservoir Rebreathing Example Open No No Open Drop Semi-Open Yes No Non-rebreather circuit Semi-Closed Yes Partial Circle system with flows of 2 L/min Closed Yes Complete Circle system with flows…
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Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction
Fig. 8.1 The synaptic vesicle exocytosis–endocytosis cycle. After an action potential and Ca 2+ influx, phosphorylation of synapsin is activated by calcium-calmodulin activated protein kinases I and II. This results in…
Physics of Instrumentation
Fig. 35.1 Clark-type oxygen electrode When a voltage of 700 mV is applied across the electrodes the following reactions occur: Cathode: O2 + 2H20 + 4e− = 4OH− Electrolyte: KCl + OH− = KOH + Cl− Anode: Ag + Cl− = AgCl + e− The amount of electrons…
Mechanical Ventilation
Fig. 37.1 The safe zone of mechanical ventilation. UIP upper inflection point, LIP lower inflection point 37.2 Classification of Mechanical Ventilation Classifying mechanical ventilators has evolved into a confusing, complex, and…
Perioperative Intravenous Fluid Therapy
Osmolarity refers to the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution expressed in milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) Plasma osmolarity is calculated based on the following osmotically active particles in…
Statistics Made Simple: Introduction to Biostatistics and Research Design for the Anesthesiologist
Term Definition Agreement studies Studies assessing how well different methods of measuring the same underlying quantity agree with each other. Typical analyses are Bland-Altman methods (see Bland-Altman) including plotting differences…
Physiology of Temperature Control
Fig. 20.1 Thermoregulatory responses (Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2015–2017. All Rights Reserved) Fig. 20.2 Thermoregulatory thresholds The ability to react accordingly is based on…
Preoperative Evaluation of Patients Undergoing Non-cardiac Surgery
Age Diabetes Sex Hypertension treated Emergency Previous cardiac event ASA class Congestive cardiac failure within 30 days Chronic steroid use Dyspnea Ascites within 30 days Current smoker Systemic sepsis within 48 h Severe…
Pharmacology of Non-opioid Intravenous Anesthetics
Fig. 6.1 Barbituric acid ring (Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2016. All Rights Reserved) Table 6.1 Structure activity relationship Substitution Effect Position 5 Aryl…
Monitored Anesthesia Care
Opioid receptors Receptor Site of analgesic action Action Mu1 Supraspinal Analgesia, euphoria, confusion, and nausea Mu2 Spinal analgesia and supraspinal (brain stem) actions Respiratory depression, cardiovascular (bradycardia) and gastrointestinal effects…
