Fig. 14.1 Classification scheme for choledocholithiasis. Primary gallbladder stones form de novo within the biliary tree. In secondary choledocholithiasis stones form in the gallbladder and migrate through the cystic duct…

ASA physical status 1 A normal healthy patient ASA physical status 2 A patient with mild systemic disease ASA physical status 3 A patient with severe systemic disease ASA physical…

Post-operative outcomes Time elapsed from recent MI Cholecystectomy (%) 30-day MI 0–30 days 28.8b 31–60 days 17.8b 61–90 days 6.5b 91–180 days 5.7b 181–365 days 3.9b No Recent MI 0.9…

Risk factors  Age  Female gender  Pregnancy  Obesity  Bariatric surgery due to rapid weight loss  Ileal resection  Hypertriglyceridemia  Cirrhosis  Ethnic groups   Pima Indians and other Native Americans  Hemolytic disorders   Sickle cell…

Fig. 15.1 A patient who has been diagnosed with acute acalculous cholecystitis. The gallbladder has a characteristic thickened wall with dependent sludge in the gallbladder. The patient was successfully treated…

Fig. 5.1 A catheter is introduced into the abdomen through a separate subcostal stab incision via an angiocatheter or sheath. A clip is placed at the gallbladder/cystic duct junction and…

Fig. 8.1 Operating room setup. Organization of operating table, robot cart, scrub nurse and table, surgeon console, anesthesia, and surgical assistant Incision, Port Placement, and Instrumentation The patient’s abdomen is…