and Richard A. Jaffe2 (1) David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA (2) Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA KeywordsSolubilityAnalgesiaComplicationsDiffusion hypoxiaENIGMA trials In 1783 Joseph…
Fig. 45.1 Classic scalp recorded spike and waves in the right central-temporal head regions at arrows (south west arrow) Currently, over 20 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are available but 20–40 %…
Fig. 32.1 Posterior cervical instrumentation and fusion of C1 ring fracture In preparation for these surgical procedures, a thorough evaluation of the bony and ligamentous anatomy guides the surgical approach…
Fig. 17.1 Proximal stimulation with length-dependent neuropathy . Proximal stimulation (popliteal fossa) elicited tibial nerve SSEPs, whereas distal stimulation (ankle) did not in a patient with known diabetes but no…
Temperature (°C) Cerebral metabolic rate (% of baseline) Safe duration of HCA (min) 37 100 5 30 56 (53–60) 9 (8–10) 25 37 (33–42) 14 (12–15) 20 24 (21–29) 21…
Fig. 16.1 Simplified recording circuit showing tissue voltage source V tissue, two impedances representing electrodes Z electrode1 and Z electrode2, and the input impedance of the amplifier Z amp Definition…
Fig. 6.1 Recording methods of spinal cord potentials (SCPs). A catheter electrode is inserted into the dorsal epidural space using the same technique as that for the continuous epidural block…
CBF Cerebral blood flow CMRO2 Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen O2ER Oxygen extraction ratio = (O2 consumption/O2 delivery) = AVDO2 × CBF/CaO2 × CBF = AVDO2/CaO2 = SaO2 − SjvO2/SaO2…
Fig. 10.1 Micrograph of cortical neuropil stained for neurons . The cell bodies of pyramidal neurons project apical dendrites upward and parallel with adjacent pyramidal cells Fig. 10.2 Current flow…
Fig. 38.1 Degrees of nerve injury that leave the nerve in continuity . The mildest injury is neurapraxic, which represents a loss of electrical function with little, if any, anatomic…
